Margaret Hamilton

17 August 1936 – 30 September 2026

Margaret Hamilton is an American computer scientist who led the team at the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory that wrote the onboard flight software for the Apollo programme. She helped popularise the term software engineering and later developed formal methods for building reliable systems, founding two companies to commercialise them. She received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2016.

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Life events

Born in Paoli, Indiana
17 August 1936

She grew up in Indiana and Michigan.

Source: en.wikipedia.org
Birth ✓
Graduated from Earlham College with a degree in mathematics
1958

She had also studied at the University of Michigan before transferring.

Source: en.wikipedia.org
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Married James Cox Hamilton
1958

The couple later had a daughter, Lauren.

Source: en.wikipedia.org
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Joined MIT to work on the SAGE air defence project
1959

She wrote software at Lincoln Laboratory for the system's weather prediction and air defence computers.

Source: en.wikipedia.org
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Led Apollo onboard flight software at the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory
1965

She directed the software engineering division responsible for the command module and lunar module guidance computer programs.

Source: en.wikipedia.org
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Apollo 11 landed with her team's software handling computer alarms
20 July 1969

Priority scheduling in the guidance computer software allowed the landing to continue through a series of 1202 and 1201 alarms.

Source: en.wikipedia.org
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Founded Higher Order Software
1976

The company developed methods for preventing software errors, based on her Apollo experience.

Source: en.wikipedia.org
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Founded Hamilton Technologies in Cambridge, Massachusetts
1986

The company built the Universal Systems Language and its development environment.

Source: en.wikipedia.org
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Received the NASA Exceptional Space Act Award
2003

The award recognised her contribution to Apollo flight software.

Source: en.wikipedia.org
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Awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom
22 November 2016

President Barack Obama presented the medal at the White House.

Source: en.wikipedia.org
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Died
30 September 2026
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